Glossary

short for seven-transmembrane receptors

the moments following the beginning of an action potential where a second action potential cannot be fired

drugs that act to increase levels of acetylcholine

short for adrenocorticotropic hormone

The electrical output of many neurons is an all-or-nothing response called an action potential.

The main way for neurons to send signals depends on a temporary change in this voltage; this signal is called an action potential

the value that membrane potential needs to reach to initiate action potential

The specific series of amino acid residues on the extracellular surface of a receptor where neurotransmitter molecules bind

A subarea in the axon terminal containing a small patch of membrane that are important for neurotransmitter release

another term for anterior pituitary

acts as a signaling molecule in the body that is involved in inflammation, the immune response, and modulation of heart rate; one of four main building block of DNA

an enzyme that creates a second messenger, a molecule called cyclic AMP

short for antidiuretic hormone

a pair of organs that sit on the anterior surface of the kidneys

released by the anterior pituitary and triggers production of cortisol

field studying neural mechanisms that underlie emotion

Information that arrives into the CNS.

chemical substances that can activate receptors

a dysregulation in somatosensory systems that cause people to experience pain even in the absence of injurious stimuli

substances that bind to the allosteric site

found on extracellular side of the receptor and consists of a special three-dimensional arrangement of amino acids

negative symptom of schizophrenia; a decrease in the use of language

an irreversible, slowly progressing neurodegenerative condition that leads to deficits in thinking, behavior, and memory loss

glutamate receptors that we generally imagine as contributing to excitation

brain structure contributing heavily to processing valence of emotional experiences

suggests that the main driving factor of Alzheimer's is the deposition of Aβ in the brain, and this in turn leads to neurodegeneration via cell death, abnormal protein buildup, and neuroinflammation

an integral membrane protein expressed by neurons

plaques that can cause neuronal death and lead to the cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's

the buildup of larger molecules through biochemical reactions

a loss of a sensation of pleasure and the inability to expect upcoming pleasure

The difference in molecular motion

the substances that prevent agonists from acting

another word to describe rostral

provide blood to dorsomedial cortical structures and deep brain structures

one of two halves of the Pituitary gland capable of both synthesizing and secreting a variety of neurohormones

inability to create new discrete memories

stains cells from the soma to the axon terminal

proteins that function in the immune response

another term for Vasopressin

targets antibodies bind to

histamine antagonist to decrease the severity of allergen exposure

membrane proteins that transport molecules in opposite directions

greatest genetic risk factor to Alzheimer's disease

middle layer of the meninges that allows for CSF to drain into sinuses

receives inputs from all the sensory systems before sending wide projections all across the cortex

the types of information that we learn through traditional Pavlovian conditioning

A glial cell that makes up the Blood-brain barrier along with endothelial cells

the long-term accompanied by feelings of comfort and emotional stability

characterized by high energy investment and preoccupation towards a small number of people

another term for episodic memory

Presynaptically-expressed receptors that respond to the same neurotransmitter that is released

the opposite reaction to reward

a decrease in goal-directed activity

short for arginine vasopressin

main output extension of the neuron

a patch of axonal membrane with very unique characteristics

Small swelling at the end of each branch of the axon

an equation to quickly calculate the equilibrium potential

used for such behaviors as motor and habit learning, emotional processing, and action selection

between 13 and 30 Hz

a protein that exists in the healthy brain

the idea that endogenous electrical activity is important for muscle control, and by extension, the activity of the whole organism.

change in blood flow from blood vessels dilating in the brain

an anatomical adaptation that selectively transports substances necessary for normal biological function, while simultaneously excluding potentially harmful invaders from the brain

short for blood oxygenation level-dependent signal

an emotional dysregulation disorder characterized by disproportionately intense emotional reactivity to environmental triggers

the principle that repeated drug use leads to biological changes in the brain that resemble aberrant learning

adenosine receptor antagonist

activated by Ca2+ ions and it's main molecular action is to phosphorylate proteins

an intracellular protein that regulates the expression of genes

inhibitory Gi/o coupled receptors that respond to the presence of eCBs

receptors that our body uses endogenously

a drug that is derived from the flowering buds or other parts of the Cannabis sativa plant

A highly detailed description of a single patient and their condition.

sudden weakening of muscle tone that accompanies a sleep attack

motor difficulty associated with schizophrenia where someone can hold their body in a highly unusual position for a prolonged period of time

parts of the brain towards the back

A change in the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable.

the first type of cannabinoid receptor. exerts the majority of the psychoactive effect

second type of cannabinoid receptor. works through the immune system

Receives information from dendrites of a neuron

consists of a sheet of several individual molecules called phospholipids, which consist of two hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails and a hydrophilic (water-loving) end

a narrow space that runs all the way through the length of the spinal cord along the midline

The brain and spinal cord.

mediated by some biological change in the brain that results in a decrease in involuntary breathing patterns at night, possibly due to some damage in the respiratory centers of the brain

a large fissure that starts at the dorsal part of the brain at about the halfway point on the anterior-posterior axis

best known as a structure that enables motor control functions, such as balance, coordination, posture, and learning physical actions

here, the brain processes behaviors such as attention, memory, and language.

the liquid that fills the ventricles

light sensitive-ion channel proteins

the natural process by which a high concentration of a substance, given enough time, will eventually diffuse to a lower concentration and settle evenly over the space.

a biochemical marker for neurons that produce acetylcholine

suggests that the loss of cholinergic neurons and the loss of acetylcholine signaling is the main pathological driver of Alzheimer's Disease

the network of blood vessels and cells that form a boundary between the blood and the CSF

channelrhodopsin

method used to induce physiological responses in an animal by restricting its free movement

scientists who study day-night dependent periodic phenomena in living beings

Any behavioral or physiological measure that intrinsically cycles on a 24-hour pattern

a loop-like circular blood vessel

A method to render an entire brain transparent, which helps us to map out the nature of the connections that span the nervous system.

the act of generating knowledge through a combination of senses, memories, and thoughts

detecting the occurrence of separate input signals

substances that bind to the orthosteric site

the use of mathematical modeling to describe or predict some aspect of the nervous system.

a series of cortical neurons in the temporal lobe that increase their firing exclusively in response to highly-specific stimuli

mild form of a traumatic brain injury

a form of tolerance that is dependent on Pavolvian cues

experimental test that works on the principle that animals learn to associate certain environments with positive feelings, and will prefer to spend significantly more time in those environments.

response to the conditioned stimulus; usually the same as the unconditioned response

a previously neutral stimulus that now leads to a conditioned response

the speed at which an action potential travels down the length of the axon

the fabrication of false memories ranging from subtle to wildly fantastical

Extraneous variables.

transmembrane proteins that make up the hemichannel

a specialized physical channel between two connected cells that allows for the passage of cytoplasm. also called hemichannel

process that enables more permanent memory storing

air pumps that connect to a mask that is worn over the nose and mouth used to treat sleep apnea

Signaling between the brain and the rest of the body: signaling pathways from the left brain crosses over to communicate with the right half of the body, and vice versa.

an injury where the brain recoils backwards and hits the interior surface of the skull opposite of the cause of the insult

A group that is as similar as possible in every way except for the manipulation of the independent variable.

A slicing projection of the brain slicing from anterior to posterior

the main white matter tract that allows for the passage of information between the two hemispheres

a common test of working memory

the bumpy outer surface that is made up of raised ridges and grooved indentations

the rodent analog of cortisol

drives the bodies response to stress

a glucocorticoid hormone best known for its initiation of the stress response

an injury where the brain hits the inside of the skull closest to the external force

12 pairs of nerves that exit from the brain and controls motor functions, sensory functions, or both

allows for targeted editing of the genome

another name for transverse slices of the spinal cord

a device that slices the brain into sections as thin as 10 microns

a three-dimensional X-ray that revolves around the person as they move through the scanner

in the vocabulary recall test, a subject must recall as many words from a list as possible after given the categories of the words

a messenger that, when levels are elevated, activates an enzyme called protein kinase A

a class of enzymes in the liver and the small intestines that metabolize a wide variety of substances that enter the body

the pieces of information that can be consciously declared or stated explicitly

pieces of information about facts

procedure where the cortex is surgically separated from the rest of the nervous system

a non-drug approach to Parkinson's disease treatment where a stimulating device is implanted into the subthalamic nucleus of the brain

a person’s physiological activity drops to its lowest point of the night: heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and metabolism all reach minimum

the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis

untrue beliefs that cannot be changed despite overwhelming evidence

the branch-like extensions that protrude from the cell body

contains the perforant pathways on its granule cells

The factor that is influenced.

when membrane potential goes from negative to a more positive potential

a fluid dysregulation disorder

the handbook created by the American Psychiatric Association used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders

quantifies white matter by using MRI technology to detect and quantify the movement of water molecules, which moves differently in gray matter than white matter

a common test of working memory

a pair of molecules

drugs with many sites of action

another term for metabolic tolerance

something that is farther away from the CNS

the inability to cope with rising demands, leading to increased anxiety and other maladaptive responses

Suggests that behavioral functions require activation of cells across several different areas of the brain.

an enzyme that synthesizes norepinephrine from a molecule of dopamine

suggestion that abnormal dopamine signaling may be an underlying root cause of schizophrenia

Brain structures that are above, or closer to the top of the head

a large clump of nervous tissue containing most sensory neurons

a graph that plots the activation of a receptor on the y-axis, and increasing dosage of a drug on the x-axis

designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs

having the urge to take the drug when someone is in withdraw

The version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders that is currently being used

thick, fibrous material physically attached to the inside of the skull

two forces acting on an ion oppose one another perfectly

short for endocannabinoids

Information leaving the CNS.

neuropsychological tool assessing emotion recognition from facial expressions

the electrical forces acting on charged molecules, “pulling” opposite charges together while also “pushing” like charges away from one another

sensitive to electrical charge

a method by which we can observe electrical activity of the brain

a common diagnostic technique that separates NREM sleep into three phases: NREM1, NREM2, and NREM3

A type of microscope that uses electrons to produce images.

uses an electron emission device in conjunction with high speed detectors to visualize structures that are on the order of nanometers

a technique using a beam of electrons aimed at a sample in a vacuum, and the reflection of those electrons can be collected and detected with a computer

The idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

"sleeping sickness," with symptoms like a lack of energy, extreme muscle weakness, and loss of all desires

the ability for brain circuits to store some piece of information

mechanism of plasticity where cannabinoid receptors inhibit cAMP signaling, decreasing release probability

substances our bodies naturally produce that activate cannabinoid receptors

signaling molecules which are chemically similar to the primary psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis

originating from within the body

the folded membranous organelle that surrounds the nucleus

the specific circuit of neurons that represent a memory

absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract

makes up the inputs to the hippocampus

ability to change and fit the surroundings

a hydrolytic enzyme that breaks phospholipid membrane molecule phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into two molecules: inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

the recollection of a discrete moment in a person’s life

short for excitatory postsynaptic potential

the exact membrane voltage value for an ion

sex hormone in women

easily-obtained substance with a highly intoxicating effect

easily-obtained substance with a highly intoxicating effect

a small amount of stress that is generally beneficial and performance enhancing

a section of the living organism is taken, such as a slice of brain, a tissue biopsy, or a detached frog leg

small depolarizations caused by the release of excitatory neurotransmitters

a depolarization of the membrane of a single neuron

excess signaling by glutamate which leads to neuronal death

they originate from outside the body

In an experiment, the scientist uses a stepwise process of developing a research question and hypothesis, then answering that question by performing tests.

another term for declarative memories

a system that uses facial anatomy to differentiate the features that are characteristic of different expressions

memories that are not true to reality

Alzheimer's disease that's diagnosed when a person is in their 50s or 60s, and is strongly influenced by genetic risk factors

the protection and preferential support of one’s extended genetic relations

severe insomnia eventually resulting in death, either from the disease or sleep deprivation

short for fluorodeoxyglucose-F18

a neutral stimulus is associated with a conditioned response that someone wants to avoid

nonhuman model for studying emotional learning

the lack of specificity with some early neural stimulation strategies

a temporary depolarization of neurons

describes the bodily responses activated when faced with threat, either perceived or real

causes a decrease in difference between the consumed amount of drug and the amount of drug that gets to its target of action

sometimes referred to as the grooved indentations of the brain

a chemical process that is accomplished by exposing the tissue to a chemical like paraformaldehyde

symptom of schizophrenia where a patient does not show or express emotion in situations where you would expect to see them

a radioactive analog of glucose, one of the main sources of cellular energy

a light-producing molecule

one of two main gonadotropins in humans

a rodent model of starvation or dietary malnutrition

non-human test for emotional memory

an assessment of depressive behavior, and can also be used to induce stress

in the vocabulary recall test, a subject must recall as many words from a list as possible with no cues

substance that can activate the receptor to the maximal degree at high concentrations.

characterized by a decrease in receptor expression after chronic exposure to an agonist

a component of the inferotemporal cortex involved in facial recognition

another term for metabotropic receptors

proteins which induce changes in neuronal excitability through the action of second messenger signaling molecules

the structure that connects neurons electrically

a collection of responses observed by Hand Selye in chronically ill humans, including gastric ulcers, high blood pressure, and heart attacks

a defensive motor response behavior in Aplysia

non-neuronal cells in the nervous system and brain

often used as a marker for differentiating astrocytes from other cell populations.

the receptor in which cortisol binds to; contained in nearly every cell

often used as a biochemical marker for the presence of GABAergic neurons

small amino acid mostly used by neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem. Glycine is also inhibitory, and acts at glycine receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels.

a cellular rinse that floods the extracellular space with CSF

combines the Nernst potentials of three relevant ions (Na+, K+, and Cl- ) into a single equation that, when evaluated, gives us the value of the membrane potential

layers of folded plasma membranes that function in transport

a silver-based stain that filled every single part of the neuron, turning the cells black

Neurons that were stained black resulting from a technique using a silver compound that caused the silver to precipitate inside the cell membranes.

signals production of the two main gonadotropins in humans: the luteinizing hormone (LH) and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

hormones that are important for regulation of puberty, sperm or egg production, the release of sex hormones by the testes or ovaries, and menopause

short for G protein-coupled receptors

sub-threshold changes in membrane voltage

parts of the brain that's darker pink / gray color

emits green light when activated by photons

enhances cellular repair, muscle and bone growth, and protein synthesis

biochemical signal from the hypothalamus

guanosine triphosphate thats been broken down

chemically similar to ATP and can function as a source of energy

raised ridges on outer surface of brain

the suppression of a normal reflex behavior that is dependent on LTD

the time that it takes for the concentration of the substance to be degraded to one half of what it originally was

perceiving something that is not there; most well-known positive symptom of schizophrenia

hinges on the assumption that dopamine is the “pleasure neurotransmitter,” and that any substance or behavior that increases dopamine will be desirable.

light-seeking movements from plants

a specialized physical channel between two connected cells that allows for the passage of cytoplasm. also called connexon

a burst blood vessel that causes bleeding into the brain

a branch of the circulatory system that surrounds the gastrointestinal tract

an intense electrical stimulation where axons are stimulated at 100 Hz for multiple seconds

helps to remember important facts

in the body, mediates the sensation of itch, participates in the inflammatory response, and activates the immune system; in the brain, a neurotransmitter that acts as a prowakefulness signal

A slicing projection of the brain where cuts are made along the dorsal-ventral direction, from the top of the brain to the bottom

short for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

short for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

an abnormal excess of movements

an inappropriate fixation with using the mouth to interact with surroundings, such as licking or eating nonfoods

the major microtubule-associate protein of mature neurons, and helps to function to maintain cellular morphology. Excess phosphorylation of this protein causes tau to accumulate inside the cell, leading to neuronal dysfunction and cell death

when membrane potential changed from positive to a more negative potential

plots time on the x-axis, and stage of sleep on the y-axis

a series of leaky capillaries densely wrapped around the posterior pituitary

series of organs that result in the stress response

signaling cascade involving the production of gonadotropins in the Pituitary gland

serves as a communication route to the body’s endocrine system

low blood levels of oxygen

prolonged use of prescription sleep medications causing a person to experience even worse insomnia than before

interevent interval

another term for procedural memories

an experiment performed on cultured cells or isolated molecules of DNA, RNA, or protein

observation that prolonged abstinence can increase the intensity of drug cravings

One factor that is being changed.

a process where the movement of magnets can generate electric currents, and conversely, electricity can generate magnetic fields

describes a structure below

one of the signaling pathways important for visual memories

route of administration where substances are breathed in through the nose or mouth

small hyperpolarizations caused by the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

route of administration where the substance is pulverized into a fine powder then inhaled through the nose

the lobe of the cortex buried deep within the lateral fissure

another term for the insula

the time between the pulses

detecting the internal state of the body and conveying that information for processing

the experimental paradigm of the Skinner Box

drug is delivered into a muscle. slower than IV injections but easier to perform

drug is delivered straight into the bloodstream. fastest route of administration

causes an opposite response as an agonist

provide easy passage for ions without using cellular energy

Ligand-gated ion channels

describes a part of the body that is on the same side as that half of the nervous system

normal blood flow is interrupted, causing cell death by deprivation of brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients

molecules can move any direction with equal probability

says the body’s physiological changes precede the onset of an emotional response

psychological symptoms such as difficulty concentrating and mood swings, and physical symptoms like daytime fatigue, insomnia, and gastrointestinal distress; occurs when there is a mismatch between the internal environment and signals from the outside world

large amplitude events that are observed about every minute

species that benefit from a few high-quality offspring rather than a large number of offspring with little investment

q group of chemicals that cause behavioral changes in species

another term for familial love

a unique set of emotional deficits causing a failure to display fear or anger, visual agnosia, psychic blindness, hypersexuality, and hyperorality

using gene insertion to put in exogenous genes into an animal

creating animal models of a variety of human conditions

a disorder resulting from a severe deficiency of thiamine

disorder where hyperkinesias is developed from frequent L-DOPA treatment

Brain structures that are closer to the sides of the brain

runs roughly along the anterior to posterior direction, and curves gently dorsally

VTA's antireward pathway

two very large paired ventricles, one in each hemisphere

another term for lust

another term for ionotropic receptors

Chemicals that bind to the active site of ionotropic receptors

a series of subcortical brain structures that are involved in several different complex behaviors, such as emotions and memory

the idea that specific areas of the brain are important for certain functions

In the mid-1800s, Paul Broca was one of the first to suggest that specific areas of the brain were responsible for carrying out specific functions, which came to be called localization theory.

when synaptic strength is decreased and remains weak

when synaptic strength is increased and remains elevated

divides the two hemispheres, running along the anterior-posterior axis, visible from a dorsal view of the brain

a very strong desire for sexual gratification

one of two main gonadotropins in humans

a manmade psychedelic

difficulty with remaining asleep

paired structures located at the ventral surface of the brain close to the brain stem

Brain structures that are closer to the center of the brain

section of the anterior hypothalamus in the brain strongly influenced by sex hormones

patches of neurons where most epilepsy originates

a structure that is found at the posterior end of the brain stem

an endogenous hormone that helps the brain regulate the sleep-wake cycle

The difference between the electrical charges inside and outside the cell

the specific circuit of neurons that represent a memory

a tightly-regulated membranous sac where cerebrospinal fluid is found

projection of prefrontal cortex

consists of dopamine producing neurons that release dopamine onto the cells in the nucleus accumbens

DNA is transcribed into a string of single-stranded genetic code called messenger RNA

occurs when the body is better at eliminating a drug, so more of the drug is needed to feel the effects

a device that slices the brain into sections as thin as 10 microns

functions like a molecular railway for proteins

deliver blood to the lateral cortices

a natural process in mammalian motherhood where offspring suckling activates a lactation cycle through oxytocin-dependent circuits

The discussion that centered around the question if a function as complex as consciousness could result from activity of a clump of cells.

The original test of procedural memory

A test commonly used on rodents to study spatial memory behaviorally in non-human animals

axons sent to the pyramidal cells of the CA3 region of the hippocampus

a disease that results from destruction of myelin in the CNS. People with MS might experience muscle weakness, poor balance, muscle spasms, numbness and pain, and weakened neuronal signaling in the brain

the metabotropic receptors of the nervous system

layers of fatty lipids

comprised of several tightly-wrapped layers of cell membrane that encompasses a short section of the axon

short for nucleus accumbens

negative allosteric modulator

allosteric modulators decrease the action of the agonist

one of two categories of schizophrenia symptoms; describes a deficit of some function

an equation to predict the direction that ions will move when an ion channel opens given various conditions

equilibrium potential is also called the Nernst potential to honor Walther Nernst

Several axons bundled together

forms during the third to fourth week of gestation. The cells of the neural tube will eventually become the components of the CNS.

Tnere are some conditions that are neurodegenerative, meaning that their symptoms get progressively worse over time

an intracellular pathological marker of Alzheimer's Disease and correlate strongly with cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's Disease

made up of several different proteins that serve as a cellular “scaffolding” that helps keep the structure of the axon intact

The process in which new neuronal growth occurs in the brain.

another name for Posterior pituitary gland

the space between a motor neuron and muscle tissue

the nervous system is a series of individual units that are separated from one another physically

The main active cellular units of the nervous system.

the study of drugs that affect the nervous system

A wide variety of chemicals that are responsible for passing information between neurons.

ionotropic receptors of the nervous system

atypical neurotransmitter that contributes to LTD by activating an intracellular receptor called soluble guanylate cyclase

similar to the ionotropic AMPA receptors because they are permeable to cations and therefore excitatory, but also contains an Mg2+ ion in the center and is permeable to Ca2+ ions

short for neuromuscular junction

The spaces of exposed axon between each section of myelin

nonhumann organisms used for studying and testing

a phase in sleep where there is no rapid eye movement

antibodies binding to the wrong target

Earliest stage of of sleep; the deeper into NREM1 sleep a person becomes, more waves with lower and lower frequencies start to emerge

NREM2 accounts for 50% of the night's sleep and is characterized by the appearance of K-complexes and sleep spindles

phase of sleep where physiological activity drops to its lowest point of the night: heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and metabolism all reach minimum during NREM3, also called deep sleep

houses DNA and other genetic material

processing center for reward and motivation

characterized by the presence of recurring, intrusive thoughts, which can lead to repetitive actions

soft tissue in the back of the throat temporarily collapses, which can decrease or completely block airflow into the lungs

difficulty with initially falling asleep

a special cage equipped with a device which the subject can physically manipulate

describes the dramatic increase in the number of opioid related overdose deaths

inhibitory metabotropic receptors which signal using the Gαi protein

the most well known natural opioid

route of administration by mouth

another term for the active site

plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of prosocial behaviors

a value obtained by dividing the amplitude of the second EPSP by the amplitude of the first EPSP

plasticity occurring when the paired pulse ratio is less than 1

plasticity occurring when the paired pulse ratio is greater than 1

short for positive allosteric modulator

certain structures in the brain that have a role in emotional behavior

REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep

a component of the inferotemporal cortex contributing to visual memories associated with locations and environmental scenes

takes cuts parallel to the midline, slicing in the medial / lateral plane.

sends signals that decrease heart rate

route of administration that avoids the digestive tract

substances that can also activate the receptor by binding to the orthosteric site, but are unable to fully activate the receptor, even at increasingly higher doses

an experimental test used to assess vole monogamy

One of the most influential case studies in the neuroscience of memory. HM experienced life-long anterograde amnesia after the removal of the hippocampus in his brain

a notable case study of a person who does not experience the fear response

degree to which a particular gene or set of genes will manifest a specific trait or condition

white matter signaling tract of the hippocampus

flushing fixative through arteries

All the other nerve cells in the body.

the ability for an ion to cross the membrane through ion channels

another term for functional tolerance

The field of study of the effect of drugs on the body

another term for metabolic tolerance

the study of the effects of the body on drugs

An efferent signaling pathway that signals the diaphragm to move up and down

the belief that we can predict personality traits based on the shape of a person’s head and the bumps on the outside of the skull

third layer of the meninges, very fragile and is in direct contact with the surface of the brain

strongly involved in the production and release of neurohormones

special population of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus contributing strongly to location and navigational memory

disease caused by infection of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii; may cause symptoms characteristic of a generic immune response, such as fatigue, body aches, and fever

the ability to change over time

measures heart rate, blood pressure and oxygenation level, respiratory depth and pattern, muscle activity, eye movement, and, brain wave activity.

helps us perform involuntary functions like breathing

a “tunnel” that allows molecules and ions to pass across the cell membrane

allosteric modulators increase the action of the agonist

one of two categories of schizophrenia symptoms; describes an excess of some function

an application of nuclear medicine best known for its applications in the medical setting for the diagnosis of cancer

another word for caudal

provide blood to the occipital lobe

one of two lobes in the pituitary gland; produces oxytocin and vasopressin

small deviations in membrane voltage

rodents that are indigenous to central North America

First antibody in the IHC protocol, binds to the antigen that you are interested in studying

located in the temporal lobe, the primary auditory cortex interprets sound waves

contains neurons that control movement of the body

responsible for sensory and proprioception information

interprets signals converted by the eye into a representation of the visual world

disease-causing agent that is responsible for mad cow disease

the learning of motor skills

drugs that are inactive until they get converted into another substance after enzymatic processing

known as the pregnancy hormone in women

the ability to identify where parts of your body are located

acts such as trust, compassion, and empathy, all actions that enhance interpersonal relationships

a kinase, an enzyme that is phosphorylates other proteins

something that is in close proximity to the CNS

an inactive chemical, but once it is exposed to acidic conditions, it becomes psilocin. found in "magic mushrooms"

postsynaptic potentials

chemicals that can act on the nervous system which can induce a change in behavior or mindstate

A type of observational study.

non-human behavioral test used to assess the capacity for learning navigational cues

an area in the brain stem that produces serotonin

usually first occurring around three hours after falling asleep, a person's eyes would dart rapidly and jerkily back and forth

restoring of a memory after its retrieved

route of administration that avoids a majority of the first-pass metabolism

a phase in sleep where there is rapid eye movement

The distribution of the characteristics in the sample is proportionally similar to the distribution in the total population

A parasympathetic psychological response resulting in lowered heart rate and feeling relaxed, satisfied, and more than a little sluggish

frequent unusual sensations in their limbs, such as a tingling or buzzing

the idea that the parts of the nervous system are all one very large, physically connected network

pathway in which retinal cells project

the process in which stored memories are recalled

inability to successfully retrieve memory from one’s past

stains cells from the axon terminal to the soma

increases the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapse

the process by which networks of neurons fire repeatedly; thought to be the mechanism that allows for consolidation of memories

equilibrium potential is sometimes referred to as reversal potential

molecular machines that read the mRNA and translate that code into proteins

equipment to measure and manipulate the electrical properties of the nervous system

parts of the brain that are more forward

ways for drugs to enter the body

axonal projections from the CA3 region of the hippocampus

The second antibody in the IHC protocol, chosen because its target is something that is found on the primary antibody

increases synaptic levels of serotonin by preventing reuptake

some molecules are able to travel across the membrane easily, other molecules have an intermediate ability to cross, and other molecules are completely incapable of passing.

an experiment where subject animals receive drugs via infusion when they perform certain actions

a natural and healthy series of stereotyped actions that consists of licking the paws and moving them through the fur of the nose, caudally down the body

pieces of factual information

a phenomenon opposite to tolerance: instead of a drug effect being lessened after chronic exposure, a sensitized person experiences an increase in drug effect

another term for metabotropic receptors

the part of the brain that exhibits the biggest morphological difference between males and females (twice as large in men)

hyper-aggressive responses to stimuli

synapses that do not change their activity even with glutamate release

another name for a operant conditioning chamber

a high-frequency burst of rapid neural activity in the low beta range that lasts for about a second

short for synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25, a t-SNARE protein that functions during vesicular fusion

a molecular structure formed when the v-SNAREs and the t-SNAREs interact with one another in the presence of Ca2+

the romantic relationship characterized by a pair of people who share resources, parenting duties, and exhibit preferential mating

an intracellular receptor for nitric oxide

an intracellular receptor that changes the activity of the signaling molecule cGMP, which can either lead to enhancement or depression of synaptic strength

another term for a cell body

sleepwalking

memories involved in navigation of our surroundings and the creation of a mental map of our world

the ability to differentiate two points in space from each other

two small EPSPs from two adjacent inputs are triggered

functions to carry information both upwards towards the brain, and downwards towards the body’s other organs and muscles. It can also process sensations and form an appropriate motor response in the absence of brain input

formed when efferent motor nerves and afferent motor nerves merge

formed when efferent motor nerves and efferent motor nerves merge

tiny protrusions of cell membrane that stick out from the main dendrite

more common form of Alzheimer's disease that's believed to be caused by a combination of old age and environmental factors in addition to genetic risk factors

a series of repetitive, purposeless behaviors

describes the randomness of the movement of molecules

solution is injected into the fat layer underneath the skin

refers to placement of the substance under the tongue

a disorder affecting a persons ability to control their use of various substances

area in the midbrain that produces dopamine

grooved indentations on the surface of the brain

describes a structure on top

clump of cells in the hypothalamus

nerves form a chain of many clumps of cells that run alongside the spinal cord

one of two branches of the autonomic nervous system; activates fight-or-flight.

substances that activate the sympathetic nervous system

The sites of close contact between neurons.

v-SNARE protein thats involved during synaptic release

v-SNARE protein thats involved during synaptic release

t-SNARE protein that functions during vesicular fusion

the ability to distinguish two events in time from one another

multiple EPSPs from the same input occur close together in time

in someone with retrograde amnesia- the farther back you examine, the more complete memories are

another term for the axon terminal

sex hormone in men

a deadly voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor

handles sensory information

shirt for delta-9-tetrohydrocannabinol

an essential vitamin that functions in metabolic processes

connected medially to the lateral ventricles, extends to the posterior aspect of the brain

the most severe form of seizures that produces a loss of consciousness and convulsions

similar to transdermal, topical administration involves a substance placed on the skin surface, but does not significantly increase the blood concentration of the drug

a compound where an atom is substituted with a radioactive isotope

staining methods that determine projections of neurons

refers to drugs that are absorbed by the vasculature in the gums

substance is placed on the skin surface, and over time the chemical diffuses through the skin into the blood vessels

The difference between the electrical charges inside and outside the cell

huge protein complexes that span the entirety of the membrane, with an outer side and an inner side

large membrane-spanning proteins that function to move molecules from the extracellular space back into the presynaptic terminal

These sections are parallel to the ground if the spinal cord was oriented vertically, like a person standing up

injuries sustained by a sudden blow to the head

refers to the three components of a synapse: The presynaptic neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, and the astrocyte.

the three main synaptic connections that make up the hippocampus

helper molecular signals that serve several different functions

collection of hormones responsible for several functions such as the stress response, growth, sexual development, circadian rhythms, and more

an enzyme that acts as a marker to identify serotonergic neurons

tetrodotoxin

the major site of neuronal production of the wakefulness signal histamine

says people use a combination of the physiological response and a cognitive label to determine the emotion that is most appropriate for a given circumstance

the main marker that is used for identifying dopamine-producing neurons

injuries to the mucous membranes of the stomach or intestines resulting in abdominal pain, nausea, and changes in appetite

sounds emitted by rodent offspring when they are distressed or hungry

a naturally happening behavior in response to a stimulus

stimulus leading to an unconditioned response

Paul Ekman's theory that all humans, regardless of culture, would use similar facial expressions to communicate the basic categories of emotions

condition causing a calcification in the amygdala bilaterally leading to the inability to experience fear

short for vesicular ATP-ase

innervates multiple bodily organs in the midsection of the body

contributes to social behaviors, regulates osmolarity, and constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure

Brain structures that are below, or closer to the bottom of the head

another term for nucleus accumbens

area in the midbrain that produces dopamine

contains neurons that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine

large symmetrical “holes” near the medial aspect

series of bones that houses the spinal cord

small spherical “packages” made of cell membrane that are coated in special proteins

vesicular transporter which move acetylcholine

membrane-embedded proteins that utilize the molecular energy contained in ATP to concentrate H+ ions in the intravesicular space

vesicular transport which move GABA

vesicular transporter which move glutamate

vesicular transporter which move glutamate

vesicular transporter which move monoamines such as dopamine and serotonin

short for voltage-gated calcium channels

the inability to recognize faces or objects visually

large protein complexes that normally remain closed, but when the surrounding neuronal membrane becomes depolarized, they physically change conformation and open up, allowing ions to move across the cell membrane.

channels on the membrane that open during depolarization and allows for pre-synaptic Ca2+ to enter

brain tissue that's pale and almost white

a set of symptoms that a person experiences when they are abstinent from the substance

involves processes of storing information temporarily while simultaneously manipulating those pieces of information

environmental cues, such as increased light exposure when the sun comes up, or social cues, such as increased sensory input from heightened activity of the people around you